Effect
A treatment applied to an audio signal in order to change or enhance it in some creative way. Effects often involve the use of delays, and include such treatments as reverb and echo.
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Effects Loop
An interface system, usually involving separate send and receive connections, which allows an external signal processor to be connected into the audio chain. (cf. Insert Point)
Encode / Decode
A system that modifies a signal prior to recording or transmission, and subsequently restores the signal on playback or reception.
Enhancer (cf. Exciter)
An audio processor designed to brighten audio material using techniques such as dynamic equalisation, phase shifting and harmonic generation.
Envelope
The way in which the amplitude of a sound signal varies over time.
Envelope Generator
An electronic circuit capable of generating a control signal which represents the envelope of the sound you want to recreate. This may then be used to control the amplitude of an oscillator or other sound source, though envelopes may also be used to control filter or modulation settings. The most common example is the ADSR generator.
SATA
The acronym stands for 'Serial Advanced Technology Attachment' and is a computer interface employed for connecting standard ATA hard drives to a computer motherboard. The SATA interface supersedes the PATA (parallel ATA) interface which has been used since the 1980s. A variant of the SATA interface, called eSATA (with the 'e' standing for 'external'), permits the connection of external hard drives. It uses a slightly different connector but is otherwise a very similar interface.
XG
Yamaha's alternative to Roland's GS system for enhancing the General MIDI protocol so as to provide additional banks of patches and further editing facilities.
XLR
A very robust and latching connector commonly used to carry balanced audio signals such as the outputs from microphones or line-level devices. An XLR is a type of connector developed by US manufacturer, Cannon, and used widely in professional audio systems. The company’s original X-series connector was improved with the addition of a latch (Cannon XL) and a more flexible rubber compound surrounding the contacts to improve reliability (Cannon XLR). The connector format is now is available in numerous configurations, from many different manufacturers, and with several different pin configurations. Standard balanced audio interfaces — analogue and digital — use three-pin XLRs with the screen on pin 1, the ‘hot’ signal on pin 2 and the ‘cold’ signal on pin 3.
X-Y
A specific way of mounting two directional microphone capsules such that they both receive sound waves from any direction at exactly the same time. Information about the direction of a sound source is captured in the form of level differences between the two capsule outputs. Commonly, the two microphones in an X-Y array are mounted with a mutual angle of 90 degrees, although other angles are sometimes used. The two capsules will have the same polar pattern, the choice of which determines the stereo recording angle (SRA). The X-Y configuration is entirely mono-compatible because there are no timing differences between the two channels.
Wah Pedal — Wah-Wah
A guitar effects device where a bandpass filter is varied in frequency by means of a pedal control.
Watt (W)
Unit of electrical power named after its founder, James Watt.
Gain Staging
The act of optimising the signal level through each audio device in a signal chain, or through each section of a mixing console, to maintain an appropriate amount of headroom and keep the signal well above the system noise floor.
Galvanic Isolation
Electrical isolation between two circuits. A transformer provides galvanic isolation because there is no direct electrical connection between the primary and secondary windings; the audio signal is passed via magnetic coupling. An opto-coupler also provides galvanic isolation, as the signal is passed via light modulation.
Gate (CV)
A synthesizer control signal generated whenever a key is depressed on an electronic keyboard and used to trigger envelope generators and other events that need to be synchronised to key action.
Gate
An electronic device (analogue or digital) designed to mute low level signals so as to improve noise performance during pauses in the wanted material. (See also 'Expander'.)
General MIDI (GM)
A universally agreed subset of the MIDI standard, created to enable manufacturers to build synthesizers, synth modules and plug-in instruments that exhibit an agreed minimum degree of compatibility.
Glitch
Describes an unwanted short term corruption of a signal, or the unexplained, short term malfunction of a piece of equipment.
GM Reset
A universal SysEx (System Exclusive) command which activates the General MIDI mode on a GM instrument. The same command also resets all controllers to their default values and switches off any notes still playing by means of an All Notes Off message.
Gooseneck
A flexible tube often used to support microphones or small lights. Sometimes also known as a 'Swan Neck'.