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LU

LU — Loudness Units. A measure of loudness normalisation relative to the target loudness. If the integrated loudness of a track measured -21LUFS, but the target loudness was -23LUFS, the meter would show a +2LU discrepancy.

Minimum Phase

A simplistic definition would be type of filter design where the frequencies are delayed by the least possible amount in their passage through the filter, but some frequencies will acquite greater phase shifts than others. Most analogue filters us

Pre-ringing

Pre-ringing refers to an inherent character of the impulse response of linear-phase filters employed in D-A or A-D converters. In a conventional analogue or minimum phase filter, an input impulse signal will generate an output impulse response with a strong initial spike followed by a string of ripples of decrasing magnitude. In a linear-phase filter the impulse spike is preceded by a build-up of ripples in advance of the impulse arriving, and a symmetrical string of decaying ripples afterwards.

Linear Phase

A type of filter design where the phase response is a linear function of frequency. In other words, all frequencies are delayed in their passage through the filter by exactly the same amount.

Word-length

A word is a unit or block of data employed in a computer, and so the word-length defines the number of bits employed in each word. A word length of 8-bits is normally called a byte. The CD format uses a word-length of 16 bits, but more modern systems typically use a 24-bit wordlength.

Diffusion

Diffusion is the spreading of sound energy within an acoustic environment. It the context of acoustic treatment diffusion can be thought of as the opposite of absorbtion, and a range of diffusion panels and surfaces are available which are designed to reflect incident sound back into the room in various ways.

Slope

Used in the context of filters and equalisers, the term refers to the gradient or steepness of the change in signal amplitude at the turnover frequency. First-order filters have a slope of 6dB/octave, while second-order is 12dB/octave and third-order is 18dB/octave. The steepest slope typically found in audio filters (ususally in synthesizers and loudspeaker crossovers) is 24dB/Octave (fourth-order). Shelf equalisers normally have 6dB/octave slopes.  

Modal Cobalt8 Baltica
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Baltica for Cobalt8

New soundset comprises 100 patches created with the help of sound designer Soundsauca, and is free to owners of the Modal polysynth.

Published 17/3/21

Stage

In the context of electronic audio equipment, a stage is a functional block of circuitry that performs a specific task. For example, a 'four-stage' phaser effects pedal employs four all-pass filter circuits. An individual stage could be a preamplifier, an insert return buffer, a section of an equaliser, or a mix-bus amplifier, for example, and the process of optimising the signal level passing through each stage is called gain-staging. 

All-Pass Filter

Also known as a Phase-Rotator. An electronic filter circuit that doesn't change the amplitude of any signal passing through it, but which alters the phase of the signal at different frequencies in a non-linear way. Used as a core element of phaser effects pedals, and also in broadcast processors to help make asymmetrical audio signals symmetrical (which allows a slightly higher output level before clipping). 

LSB

Least Significant Bit. In a binary number the bit that carries the smallest multiplier value (units) is deemed the least significant bit, and is typically the right-most digit in a binary number. The three-bit binary equivalent of the decimal number 1 is 001, and the bit showing 1 is the LSB.

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